Research Note: Antimicrobial resistance profile of Enterococcus spp. isolated from the eggshell of laying hens submitted to pharmacological treatment.

The occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in microorganisms isolated from eggshells, especially Enterococcus, might serve as a parameter to assess the selection of bacteria due to the use of drugs in the diet of laying hens. In order to evaluate the frequency and the antimicrobial resistance profile of Enterococcus spp. isolated from the eggshells, 225 Hy-line laying hens were submitted to a 25-d long trial. The treatments were the following: hens fed ration without antimicrobials (control) and groups that received oxytetracycline (10 mg kg-1), doxycycline (20 mg kg-1), lincomycin (50 mg kg-1), and enrofloxacin (10 mg kg-1) in the ration for 5 d. Six replications were analyzed per treatment, composed of a pool of 5 eggs each. They were collected before treatment and on days 3, 6, 15, and 25, totaling 150 samples. Eggshells were submitted to counts of Enterococcus spp., which were identified by proteomic analyses. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by the disk-diffusion test. It was observed that 97.3% (n = 146) of the samples were contaminated with Enterococcus spp. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in the bacterial counts between treatments on the same day of evaluation. E. faecalis and E. faecium were the most frequent on the eggshells of all treatments. Multiresistance to the four classes of antimicrobials was also verified in the isolated bacteria. A total of 83% of the Enterococcus isolates showed resistance to neomycin, which was not administered to the hens, demonstrating an environmental problem. Thus, feeding laying hens with diets added with antimicrobials induces drug resistance in Enterococcus spp., isolated form the eggshells.

Caracterização microbiológica, físico-química e das condições de produção e comercialização da carne de sol de Salinas, Minas Gerais / Microbiological and physical-chemical characterization and conditions of production and commercialization of sun-dried meat from Salinas, Minas Gerais

Para avaliar as condições higiênico-sanitárias e tecnológicas (HST) de produção e comercialização da carne de sol no município de Salinas, na região Norte do estado de Minas Gerais, foram coletadas 40 amostras no comércio local para a realização de análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas. A carne de sol é produzida artesanalmente em estabelecimentos comerciais e considerada uma tradição da região. Nas análises físico-químicas de umidade, proteína, gordura, cinzas, cloretos e pH, foram encontrados valores médios de 70,13%, 22,35%, 2,25%, 5,09%, 3,63% e 5,8, respectivamente. Duas amostras (5%) foram positivas para Salmonella spp. e 16 (40%) apresentaram contagens de S. aureus superiores a 103UFC/g. Os valores encontrados nas análises de mesófilos aeróbicos, bolores e leveduras e coliformes totais e termotolerantes foram de 2,50x107 UFC/g, 1,73x104 UFC/g, 9,1NMP/g e 4,3NMP/g, respectivamente. A carne de sol produzida em Salinas é um produto artesanal, portanto heterogêneo quanto às características de produção, comercialização e de qualidade microbiológica e físico-química. A importância socioeconômica da carne de sol na região é considerável, o que justifica a necessidade de se conhecer melhor suas características para auxiliar no desenvolvimento de eventuais políticas públicas regionais visando ao controle sanitário desse produto.(AU)

In order to evaluate the hygienic-sanitary and technological conditions (HST) of production and commercialization of sun-dried meat, in the city of Salinas, in the North of Minas Gerais, 40 samples of the product were collected in the local commerce for carrying out physicochemical and microbiological analyses. The sun-dried meat is produced in the commercial establishments and considered a tradition of the region. In the physicochemical analyzes of moisture, protein, fat, ash content, chlorides and pH were found values of 70.13%, 22.35%, 2.25%, 5.09%, 3.63% and 5.8, respectively. Two samples (5%) were positive for Salmonella spp. and 16 (40%) had Staphylococcus aureus counts higher than 10 3 CFU/g. The values found for the analyses of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, yeasts and molds and total and thermotolerant coliforms were 2.50 x 10 7 CFU/g, 1.73 x 10 4 CFU/g, 9.1MPN/g and 4.3MPN/g, respectively. The sun-dried meat from Salinas is a handmade product, therefore heterogeneous in terms of production, and physicochemical and microbiological quality. The socioeconomic importance of the sun-dried-meat in the region is considerable, which justifies the need to know its characteristics better to help in the development of regional public policies aiming at sanitary control of the product.(AU)

Caracterização microbiológica de carcaças de frangos de corte produzidas no estado de Minas Gerais / Microbiological characterization of broiler carcasses produced in the state of Minas Gerais

In order to evaluate the microbiological quality of broiler chickens produced in Minas Gerais State, 240 samples of broiler carcasses from the five regions of the Minas Gerais State were collected, by official inspection services, for one year. The samples were submitted to counts of total and thermotolerant coliforms, coagulase-positive and negative Staphylococcus, besides Campylobacter spp., Listeria monocytogenes, E.coli O157:H7, and Salmonella spp. resource. The results showed the presence of total and thermotolerant coliforms in 34.2% and 13.5% of broiler carcasses evaluated, respectively. All tested samples were positive for Staphylococcus spp., 9.1% for Salmonella spp., 15.5% for Listeria monocytogenes, and 2.1% for Campylobacter spp. E.coli O157:H7 was not isolated from the samples.(AU)

Influence of cutting room temperature on the microbiological quality of chicken breast meat / Influência da temperatura da sala de cortes sobre a qualidade microbiológica da carne de peito de frango

The temperature control in the processing room is one of the major factors associated with the production of safe food with a satisfactory microbiological quality. A total of 288 samples of skinless chicken breast meat were placed in a cutting room, subjected to four different temperatures (12ºC, 14ºC, 16ºC and 18ºC) and collected to evaluate the influence of the room temperature on the microbiological quality during the cutting and boning of chicken breasts. Aerobic mesophilic microorganisms were counted to evaluate the environmental contamination. In addition, coliforms at 35ºC and 45ºC and Staphylococcus spp. were counted, and an analysis for the presence of staphylococcal enterotoxins and Salmonella spp. was performed to determine the microbiological quality of the meat. The results showed an increase in environmental contamination (P=0.01) with an increase in room temperature. However, no significant differences (P˃0.05) were observed in the meat cuts regarding the counts of coliforms at 35ºC and 45ºC, the count of Staphylococcus spp. and the presence of Salmonella spp. Moreover, no staphylococcal enterotoxins were detected in the samples analyzed. Thus, despite increasing the environmental contamination, the increase in the cutting room temperature did not affect the microbiological quality of the final product.(AU)

O controle da temperatura do ambiente de processamento é um dos principais fatores relacionados à produção de alimentos seguros e com qualidade microbiológica. Com o objetivo de avaliar a influência da temperatura ambiente durante o corte e a desossa da carne de frangos sobre a qualidade microbiológica dos produtos finais, foram coletadas 288 amostras de carne de peito de frango sem pele, obtidas em uma sala de cortes climatizada submetida a quatro diferentes temperaturas ambientes (12ºC, 14ºC, 16ºC e 18ºC). Para avaliação da contaminação ambiental, foi realizada a contagem de microrganismos mesófilos aeróbios e, para a avaliação da qualidade microbiológica da carne, foram realizadas a contagem de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, a contagem de Staphylococcus spp., a pesquisa de enterotoxinas estafilocócicas e a pesquisa de Salmonella spp. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram um aumento da contaminação ambiental (P=0,01) à medida que a temperatura da sala foi aumentada. Porém, nos cortes cárneos, não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P˃0,05) na contagem de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, na contagem de Staphylococcus spp. e na pesquisa de Salmonella spp. Também não foi detectada a presença de enterotoxinas estafilocócicas nas amostras analisadas. Foi concluído que, apesar da elevação da contaminação ambiental, o aumento da temperatura ambiente da sala de cortes não comprometeu a qualidade microbiológica do produto final.(AU)

Validation of an HPLC-UV method for the identification and quantification of bioactive amines in chicken meat / Validação de metodologia por HPLC/UV para identificação e quantificação de aminas bioativas em carne de frango de corte

A high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) method was validated for the study of bioactive amines in chicken meat. A gradient elution system with an ultraviolet detector was used after extraction with trichloroacetic acid and pre-column derivatization with dansyl chloride. Putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine, and spermine standards were used for the evaluation of the following performance parameters: selectivity, linearity, precision, recovery, limits of detection, limits of quantification and ruggedness. The results indicated excellent selectivity, separation of all amines, a coefficient of determination greater than 0.99 and recovery from 92.25 to 102.25% at the concentration of 47.2mg.kg-1, with a limit of detection at 0.3mg.kg-1 and a limit of quantification at 0.9mg.kg-1 for all amines, with the exception of histamine, which exhibited the limit of quantification, of 1mg.kg-1. In conclusion, the performance parameters demonstrated adequacy of the method for the detection and quantification of bioactive amines in chicken meat.(AU)

Um método de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) para pesquisa de aminas bioativas em carne de frango foi validado. Foi utilizado um sistema de gradiente de eluição com detector ultravioleta, após extração com ácido tricloroacético e derivação pré-coluna com cloreto de dansila. Os padrões de putrescina, cadaverina, histamina, tiramina, espermidina e espermina foram utilizados para avaliação dos seguintes parâmetros de desempenho: seletividade, linearidade, precisão, recuperação, limites de detecção, limites de quantificação e robustez. Os resultados mostraram excelente seletividade e separação de todas as aminas, coeficiente de determinação superior a 0,99, recuperação entre 92,25 e 105,25% na concentração 47,2mg.kg-1, limites de detecção de 0,3mg.kg-1 e limite de quantificação de 0,9mg.kg-1 para todas as aminas, com exceção da histamina, que apresentou o limite de quantificação mais alto, de 1mg.kg-1. Foi concluído que os parâmetros de desempenho demonstraram adequação do método para detecção e quantificação de aminas bioativas em carne de frango.(AU)

Avaliação da qualidade interna de ovos de consumo pela pesquisa do teor de aminas bioativas / Evaluation of the internal quality of commercial eggs by searching of the bioactive levels

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade dos ovos de consumo pela pesquisa dos níveis de aminas bioativas, foram coletados, pelos serviços de inspeção oficiais, 224 amostras de ovos provenientes de cinco regiões distintas do estado de Minas Gerais, durante o período de um ano. As aminas biogênicas (putrescina, cadaverina, feniletilamina, histamina e tiramina) e as poliaminas (espermidina e espermina) foram pesquisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e detecção ultravioleta (CLAE/UV) após derivação pré-coluna com cloreto de dansila. Os resultados demonstraram que a putrescina estava presente, em baixas concentrações, em todas as amostras de gema e de albúmen. As demais aminas também foram detectadas, porém em menor frequência, e a espermina somente foi encontrada em uma amostra de albúmen. Foi concluído que os ovos de consumo produzidos no estado de Minas Gerais não são uma fonte considerável de poliaminas, importantes para o crescimento e a proliferação celular, e os baixos teores de aminas biogênicas, formadas pela descarboxilação de aminoácidos por enzimas bacterianas, não representam riscos à saúde do consumidor, o que indica que o ovo apresenta boa qualidade, tomando por base o critério de aminas bioativas.

In order to evaluate the quality of commercial eggs by searching the bioactive amine levels, 224 samples of eggs from the five regions of Minas Gerais State were collected during one year by the official inspection service. The biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, phenylethylamine, histamine and tyramine) and the polyamines (spermidine and spermine) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV) and pre-column derivatization with dansyl chloride. The results demonstrated the presence of putrescine in all samples of yolk and albumen, but in low concentrations. The other amines were also detected, however, with a lower frequency, and spermine was found only in one sample of albumen. It was concluded that the commercial eggs produced in Minas Gerais State are not a considerable source of polyamines, important for growth and cell proliferation; and low levels of biogenic amine, formed by decarboxylation of amino acids by bacterial enzymes, do not represent risks to consumer health, indicating that it has good quality, based on the bioactive amine criterion.

Aminas bioativas e qualidade da carne de frangos de corte / Bioactive amines and meat quality of broiler chickens

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da carne de frangos de corte mediante pesquisa dos níveis de aminas bioativas, foram coletadas, pelos serviços de inspeção oficiais, 160 amostras de carcaças provenientes de cinco regiões distintas do estado de Minas Gerais, durante o período de um ano. As poliaminas (espermidina e espermina) e as aminas biogênicas (putrescina, cadaverina, histamina, tiramina) foram pesquisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e detecção ultravioleta (CLAE/UV). Os resultados encontrados demonstraram a presença das poliaminas, espermidina e espermina, em todas as amostras, em concentrações médias de 3,56mg/100g e 5,72mg/100g, respectivamente. Em todas as amostras foram detectadas, em concentrações muito baixas, as aminas putrescina, cadaverina, histamina e tiramina. Foi concluído que a carne de frangos de corte produzida no estado de Minas Gerais é uma fonte de poliaminas, importantes para o crescimento e a proliferação celular, e que os baixos teores de aminas biogênicas encontrados não representam riscos à saúde do consumidor, indicando que esse tipo de carne apresenta boa qualidade, tomando por base o critério de aminas bioativas.

In order to evaluate the meat quality of broiler chickens by searching the bioactive amines level, 160 samples of carcass from the five regions of the Minas Gerais State, were collected during one year by the official inspection service. The poliamines (spermidine and spermine) and the biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, histamine and tyramine) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV). The results demonstrated the presence of polyamines spermidine and spermine in all samples, at mean concentrations of 3.56mg/100g and 5.72mg/100g, respectively. The biogenic amines putrescine, cadaverine, histamine and tyramine were also found, but in low concentrations. It was concluded that the chicken broiler meat produced in Minas Gerais state is a source of polyamines, important for growth and cell proliferation; and that the biogenic amine levels found were low, and do not represent risks to consumer health, indicating that it has good quality, based on the criterion of bioactive amine.

Diagnóstico do complexo teníase-cisticercose bovina em São João Evangelista, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Diagnosis of Bovine Taeniasis-Cysticercosis Complex in São João Evangelista, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Com o objetivo de diagnosticar a situação do complexo teníase-cisticercose bovina em Minas Gerais, Brasil, foi selecionado o município de São João Evangelista, onde foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 339 bovinos em 15 propriedades rurais, sorteadas aleatoriamente. Em cada propriedade, foi aplicado um questionário socioeconômico para a análise de fatores que favorecem a manutenção do complexo teníase-cisticercose bovina. Foi realizado também o diagnóstico de teníase humana por meio de exame coproparasitológico dos habitantes das propriedades. Encontrou-se a prevalência de 4,1% para cisticercose bovina e a frequência de 2,94% para teníase humana. Entre os fatores de risco para a manutenção do complexo teníase-cisticercose analisados, foi observada uma relação estatisticamente significativa (P=0,042) entre a ocorrência de cisticercose bovina e a ingestão de carne malpassada pelos entrevistados. Concluiu-se que a cisticercose bovina está presente no município de São João Evangelista, MG, em índices considerados endêmicos, sendo o consumo de carne malpassada e não inspecionada o principal fator de risco para a manutenção do complexo teníase-cisticercose, o que reforça a necessidade da adoção de medidas de controle com contínua vigilância epidemiológica e sanitária.

In order to diagnose the situation of bovine taeniasis-cysticercosis complex in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, the city of São João Evangelista was selected, and blood samples were collected from 339 cattle in 15 randomly selected farms. A socioeconomic questionnaire was filled in each property for the analysis of the factors that favor the maintenance of the taeniasis-cysticercosis complex. Additionally, there was the diagnosis of human taeniasis verified by stool examinations of the properties' inhabitants. A prevalence of 4.1% for bovine cysticercosis and the frequency of 2.94% for human taeniasis were found. Among the risk factors, a statistically significant relation (p = 0.042) was found between the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis and the ingestion of undercooked meat. It was concluded that bovine cysticercosis is broadly distributed in the city of São João Evangelista, with rates considered endemic, being the consumption of raw and not-inspected meat the main risk factors for the maintenance of complex taeniasis-cysticercosis, reinforcing the need to adopt control measures with continuous epidemiological and health surveillance.

Effects of packaging, mineral oil coating, and storage time on biogenic amine levels and internal quality of eggs.

This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the effects of mineral oil application on eggshells and the use of plastic packages with lids on the physical-chemical and microbiological quality and biogenic amine contents of eggs stored under refrigeration for up to 125 d. A total of 1,920 eggs from 46-wk-old Hyline W36 laying hens were randomly distributed into 4 groups soon after classification: (i) 480 eggs were stored in pulp carton tray packages; (ii) 480 eggs were stored in plastic packages with lids; (iii) 480 eggs were stored in carton packages after the application of mineral oil; and (iv) 480 eggs were stored in plastic packages with lids after the application of mineral oil. The internal quality was measured by Haugh units, by the counts of mesophilic and psychrotrophic microorganisms, by the most probable number of total and thermal-tolerant coliforms, by the counts of molds and yeasts, by the analysis of Salmonella spp. and Staphylococcus spp., and by the levels of biogenic amines in the egg yolk and albumen. The application of mineral oil to the eggshell resulted in higher Haugh unit values throughout storage, and the use of plastic packages altered the internal quality. The application of mineral oil and the use of packaging had no effects on the microbiological and biogenic amine results. Microbiological analyses showed the absence of Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus, thermal-tolerant coliforms, and fungi. However, the highest counts of mesophilic (1.1 × 10(7) cfu/g) and psychrotrophic (6.7 × 10(7) cfu/g) microorganisms were recorded. The highest values of biogenic amines detected and quantified were putrescine (2.38 mg/kg) and cadaverine (7.27 mg/kg) in the egg yolk and putrescine (1.95 mg/kg), cadaverine (2.83 mg/kg), and phenylethylamine (2.57 mg/kg) in the albumen. Despite these results, the biogenic amine levels recorded were considered low and would not be harmful to consumer health.